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T O P I C    R E V I E W
SOCOM Posted - 11/12/2009 : 14:38:51
International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity
By:
Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki, Steve Smith

Oxford, 2007


°²¦p§A·Qª¾¹D¡ATony Blair¬°¤°»ò¤ä«ù¬ü°ê§ð¥´¥ì©Ô§J¡A¦³¤°»ò¿ìªk¡H«Ü¦h¤H¤j·§·|»¡¡G¡u¥h°Ý¥L¤£´Nª¾¹D¤F¡I¡v

¹ï¡C§A¥i¥H¥hª½±µ°Ý¥L¡A¥i¥H¬Ý°OªÌ³X°Ý¡A¥i¥H¬Ý¥L¦b°ê·|¸Ì«ç»ò»¡¡A¥i¥H¬Ý¥L¦b¹qµø¤W»¡¤°»ò¡K¡K

¦ý¬OªLªLÁ`Á`ªº°ÝÃD¡AÅý¤H­Ì¨S¿ìªk¥u¬Û«H¥Lªº¸Ü¡CÃø¹D¥L¤£·|ÄF¤H¶Ü¡H´Nºâ¥L¤£ÄF¤H¡A¥L¤S¯uªºª¾¹D¦Û¤v¦b·F¤°»ò¶Ü¡H¤£¨£±o¡C¤£¬O¨C­Ó¤H³£«Ü²M·¡¡A¦Û¤v°µ¨Æ±¡ªº·Qªk©M°Ê¾÷¬O¤°»ò¡C

¦A»¡»·¤@ÂI¡A¦³¤°»ò¥~¦bªº­ì¦]¡A³y¦¨Blair°µ¥X³o­Ó¨M©w¡H¥L¬Ý¨ì¤°»ò¡B¹J¨ì¤°»ò¡B©Î¨ü¨ì¤°»ò¼vÅT¡H

¨C·í±´°Q¬Fªv°ÝÃD¡B¤Hªº°ÝÃD¡A©¹©¹³£¥X²{¥H¤W§xÃø¡C©Ò¥H¡A¤~·|¦³¡u°ê»ÚÃö«Y²z½×¡v(International Relations Theory)¡C

¦Û¥j¥H¨Ó¡A¥@¬É¦U¦a´N¦³¦U¦¡¦U¼Ëªº¬FªvÆ[¥@¬ÉÆ[¡CÀH«KÁ¿´X­Ó¤H¡A¨È¨½¤h¦h¼w¡B°¨©_ºû¨½¡B¼{±ô¡B®³¯}±[¡B­Ú´µ³Á¡B§Æ¯S°Ç¡B¶ø¤Ú°¨¡A¬Æ¦Ü¦í§A¹j¾À¨C¤Ñ½|¬F©²ªºªü§B¡A³£¦³¦Û¤v¤@®M¬Ýªk¡C

«Ü¦h¤H³£Ä±±o¦Û¤v¨º®M¤~¬O¹ïªº¡Aµ²ªG´N¥X²{µL¼ÆªºÅG½×©M¤Àª[¡C

³oºØ±¡ªp¤£¨£±o¤£¦n¡C¦U¬£«ä·Q¦U¤¬ª§ÅG¡B¥æ¬y¡A©¹©¹¯à±a¥X«Ü¦h«e¤H©¿²¤ªº°ÝÃD¡A¤]¯à¹ï¤H­Ìªº¤ß´¼¦³©Ò±Òµo¡C³o¤£¦ý¦³¯q©ó­Ó¤H«äºû©M¤ß´¼¡A§ó¦³§Q©óªÀ·|ªº¹B§@¡A²Õ´ªº¨Mµ¦©M¦æ°Ê¡C

¸Õ·Q·Q¡A¤¤°ê¦Ûº~¥N¥H¨Ó´N¡u¿W´L¾§³N¡A½}ÂJ¦Ê®a¡v¡C«ä·Q¥¢¥h¤F¦h¼Ë©Ê¡A¤H¤H³£«ö·Ó¦P¤@®M·Qªk¥h¦æ¨Æ¡AªÀ·|°±º¢¤£«e¡B¤£¦A¦³³Ð·sªº°Ê¤O¡Cª½¨ì²M¥¼¡A¤~³Q¼Ú¬w¤Hªº¤j¬¶¥´¿ô¡C

¥i¨£¹ï¤@­ÓªÀ·|¨Ó»¡¡A¡u²z½×¦h¼Ë©Ê¡v(Theoretical Diversity)¬O¬Û·í­«­nªº¡C

°ê»ÚÃö«Y(International Relations)¾Ç°ì¥X²{©ó²Ä¤@¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾Ô¥¼´Á¡C¤H­Ì¦b¾Ôª§¤¤·P¨ü¨ì¥vµL«e¨Òªº®£©Æ¡A¬G§V¤O¬ã¨s°ê»Ú°ÝÃD¡A¥H¹Ïºû«ù©M¥­¡C³o¨Ç°ê»ÚÃö«Y¾Çªº¶}¤s¯ª¡A´£­Ò¥H°ê»Ú¦X§@¡B«Ø¥ß°ê»Ú¨î«×(international institution)¡B¼W¶i°ê®a¶¡ªº«H¥ô¨Ó´î¤Ö¾Ôª§¡C¨ä¤¤³Ìª½±µªº¼vÅT¬O¡A¬ü°êÁ`²ÎWoodrow Wilsonµoªíªº14ÂI­ì«h¡C

¦ý¬O¡A¤£¬O¤H¤H³£»{¦P³oºØ°µªk¡C¦³¤@§å¦ÛºÙ¬°realistªº¤H¡A±N¤W­zªº¤H­ÌºÙ¬°idealist¡C¥L­Ì»{¬°idealistªº·Qªk¤£¬ì¾Ç¡B¤@´[±¡Ä@¡C§@¬°realistªºEdward H Carr¡A¦b²Ä¤@¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾Ô¤§«á§åµûidealist¡A»{¬°³o¨Ç±¹¬I±N±a¨Ó§óÄY­«ªº«áªG¡C§Î¶Õ¡uªGµM¡v³Qrealist¡u¤£©¯¡v¨¥¤¤¡A²Ä¤G¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾ÔÃzµo¤F¡C

¾Ô«á¡AHans Morgenthau´£¥X¤F§¹¾ãªºrealism²z½×¡A»{¬°¦³¤@¨Ç«ÈÆ[ªº¬ì¾Çªk«h(objective laws)´Ó®Ú©ó¡u¤H©Ê¡v(human nature)¤§¤¤¡C³o¬Æ¦Ü¬O¥i¥H³z¹L¥Íª«¾Ç¨Ó±oª¾ªº¡C¥L»{¬°Åv¤O¼¤¡B¦Û¨p¡B³g±oµL¹½¡A¤~¬O¤HÃþªº¤Ñ©Ê¡C¬Fªvµ´¹ï¤£¬O¤°»ò¬üÄRªºªF¦è¡A¥u¬O¡uThe struggle for power¡v¡C

¥H¤Wªº¾ú¥v¡A«K¬O°ê»ÚÃö«Y¾Ç¤Wªº²Ä¤@¦¸¤jÅG½×(First Debate)¡C







~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

You may not be interested in the dialectic, but the dialectic is interested in you.

~~~~~~Leon Trotsky


You may not be interested in troubles, but troubles are interested in you.

~~~~~~SOCOM
10   L A T E S T    R E P L I E S    (Newest First)
SOCOM Posted - 11/16/2009 : 23:58:26
¥L¥u¬O½sªÌ¤§¤@ , ¤Q´X³¹ , ¨C³¹¤@¨â¤H¼g .

½¨ì¤¤¶¡ , ¬Ý¤FÂI English School , ªGµM¸ò¬ü°êÆ[ÂI«Ü¤£¤@¼Ë .

°êÃöªº²z½× , ¦ü¥GÁÙ¬O­^¬üªº¤Ñ¤U , ¼Ú³°ªº«Ü¤Ö .

ªk°êªº¦³ poststructuralism , ¦ý¤]¥u¦³³o¤@³¹¦Ó¤w .

¼w°ê¦n¹³®Ú¥»¨S¦³......°£«D§â Morgenthau ·í¦¨¼w°ê¤H¬Ý.......









~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

You may not be interested in the dialectic, but the dialectic is interested in you.

~~~~~~Leon Trotsky


You may not be interested in troubles, but troubles are interested in you.

~~~~~~SOCOM
Clancy Asimov Posted - 11/16/2009 : 23:20:37
Tim Dunne¥»¤H¤£´N¬OConstructivismªº¤jºX¤â...

³Ìªì¡A¥L­Ì¨Ó§ì¦@²£ÄÒ­û¡A§Ú¤£»¡¸Ü¡A¦]¬°§Ú¤£¬O¦@²£ÄÒ­û¡F
±µµÛ¡A¥L­Ì¨Ó§ìªÀ·|¥D¸qªÌ¡A§Ú¤£»¡¸Ü¡A¦]¬°§Ú¤£¬OªÀ·|¥D¸qªÌ¡F
¦A¨Ó¡A¥L­Ì¨Ó§ì¤u·|·|­û¡A§Ú¤£»¡¸Ü¡A¦]¬°§Ú¤£¬O¤u·|·|­û¡F
«á¨Ó¡A¥L­Ì¨Ó§ìµS¤Ó¤H¡A§Ú¤£»¡¸Ü¡A¦]¬°§Ú¤£¬OµS¤Ó¤H¡F
³Ì«á¡A¥L­Ì¨Ó§ì§Ú¡A¤w¸g¨S¦³¤H¯à¬°§Ú»¡¸Ü¤F¡C

- §Æ¯S°Ç®É´Á¡@¼w°êªª®v¡@°¨¤B¡D¥§²ö©Ô
SOCOM Posted - 11/16/2009 : 11:42:09

°ÝÃDªº«ÈÆ[©Ê(Question of objectivity)

¥t¤@­Ó±`¨£°ÝÃD¬O¡A«ç»ò¼Ë¤~ºâ«ÈÆ[¡H

«ÈÆ[¬O«ü¡A©Ò¥Hªº¥ß³õ(position)¡B½×ÂI(statement)¡A³£¤£¨ü­Ó¤Hªº·N¨£(opinion)¡B°¾¨£(prejudice)µ¥¼vÅT¡C

¹êÃÒ¥D¸qªÌ¸g±`°ªÁn«Å¥Ü¡A¸Ó¬£³Ì¯à¹F­P«ÈÆ[¡C¥L­Ì»{¬°¡A¥u­n¬O¥H¹êÃÒ¤èªk²£¥Í¥X¨Óªºªº²z½×©MÆ[ÂI¡A¥þ³¡³£¦³¼Æ¦r©M¹ê¨Ò¤ä«ù¡CÁöµM²{®ÉÁÙ¨S¦³ºÉµ½ºÉ¬üªº²z½×¡A¦ý¥u­n¬O¥H¦¹¤èªk²£¥Í¥X¨Óªº¡A³£¸g±o°_¨Æ¹ê¦ÒÅç¡C¦b²³¦h²z½×¤§¶¡¡A¤H­Ì¥i¥H¤À¿ë¥X­þ¨Ç²Å¦X¯u¹ê±¡ªp¡A­þ¨Ç¤£²Å¦X¡C

¬Û¹ï¦a¡A¨Ï¥Î¸àÄÀ©Ê¤èªkªº¾ÇªÌ¡A´N»{¬°©Ò¦³ªºª¾ÃÑ¡A³£¤£¥i¯à¬O¾ÌªÅ²£¥Íªº¡C©Ò¦³¤èªk¡B²z½×ªº§Î¦¨¡A³£¥²µM¨ü¤H­Ì¥|©PªºªÀ·|©M¬Fªv¡u¯ßµ¸¡v(context)©Ò¼vÅT¡C¦Ó¥B¬O¨ü¤F¼vÅT¡A³s¦Û¤v³£¤£ª¾¹D¡C


²z½×ªº´ú¸Õ(test)»P¤ñ¸û(comparison)

²Ä¤T­Ó°ÝÃD¬O¡A«ç¼Ë¥hµû»ù(evaluate)©M¤ñ¸û(compare)¡A¬Ý­þ®M²z½×¤ñ¸û¦n¡H

¹êÃÒ¥D¸qªÌªº¤èªk³Ì®e©ö²z¸Ñ¡G®³²z½×©M²{¹ê¹ï·Ó¡C§Ú»¡¤HÅ¥¨ì§nÁn´N·|«ö¦í¦Õ¦·¡A³o¬O²z½×¡C­nª¾¹D²z½×¹ï¤£¹ï¡A¥h¬Ý§O¤HÅ¥¨ì§nÁnªº®É­Ô¦³¤°»ò¤ÏÀ³´N¦æ¤F¡C

¸àÄÀ¥D¸qªÌ»P¨ä¥L«á¹êÃÒ¥D¸qªÌ¡A¦pColin Wightµ¥¤H¡A´N»{¬°¨S¦³¤@®M²³æªº¿ìªk¥h¤ñ¸û²z½×¡C¬Æ¦Ü¡A¥i¯à®Ú¥»¤£¥i¯à¥h§@¤ñ¸û¡C


²z½×©M¹ê»Ú(practice)

³Ì±`¨£ªº¬Ýªk»{¬°¡A²z½×¡AÀ³¸Ó¬O¥Î¨ÓÀ°§U¬F©²¨Mµ¦ªº¡C

¦³¤H»{¬°¡A²z½×¥»¨­´N¬O¡u¹ê»Ú¡vªº¤@³¡¥÷¡C²z½×¼vÅTµÛ¤H­Ìªºmindset©MªÀ·|²{¹ê¡C


³o¥»®Ñªº§@ªÌ¤@¦A±j½Õ¡A¦U¬£²z½×®a¦Ê®aª§»ï¡A¨ä¹ê´N¬O¦V²³¤H±À¾P¥L­ÌªºÆ[ÂI¡A¥ø¹Ï¨Ï§O¤H»{¦P¡C


²Ä¤@³¹§¹














~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

You may not be interested in the dialectic, but the dialectic is interested in you.

~~~~~~Leon Trotsky


You may not be interested in troubles, but troubles are interested in you.

~~~~~~SOCOM
SOCOM Posted - 11/14/2009 : 00:01:11




Ū¨ì³o¸Ì¡A³s¦Û¤v³£Ä±±o«Ü´e¡K¡K

¤S¡AªF¦è«D±`ÃøÀ´¡A§Ú¬Ý¦Ü¤Ö­n¤j¤T¤~¦³¯à¤OŪ¡K¡K

°²¦p³o¥»®Ñ¬O¦Ò¸Õ­n¦Òªº¡A¯uªº·|­n¤H©R¡K¡K




¥H¤W¬O¥|¦¸Meta-theoretical Debate¡C±µ¤U¨Óªº¡A¬O±q¥H¤U¦U¤è­±¡A¬ÝMeta-theoretical¤Wªº¤À³¥¡A¹ï²z½×¦³¤°»ò¼vÅT¡GTypes of theory¡BQuestion of objectivity¡BTheory testing and theory comparison¡BTheory and practice¡C

Types of theory

³o¥»®Ñ¬O¤¶²Ð²z½×(theory)ªº¡A¦ý¤°»ò¬O¡u²z½×¡v¡H¾Ç¬É¨S¦³¤@­Pªºµª®×¡C

­º¥ý³Ì±`¨£ªº¬Oexplanatory theory¡C³o¨Ç²z½×¡A³¡¥÷¬O¥H¹êÃÒ¤èªk«Ø¥ßªº¡C¤]´N¬O»¡¡A¬ã¨sªº¹ï¶H©M¦]¯À¡A³£¥H¥i¨£ªº²{¶H¬°­­¡C

¥t¤@³¡¥÷ªºexplanatory theory¡A¨Ã¤£¬O¥H¦³§Î¦]¯À¬°¡u¦]¡v¡A¦ý¥H¦³§Îªº¦æ¬°¬°¡uªG¡v¡C¨Ò¦p·s²{¹ê¥D¸q¡A±N°ê»ÚÅé¨t°²©w¬°µL¬F©²ª¬ºA¡CµL¬F©²ª¬ºA¬OµL§Îªº¡A¬Ý¤£¨ìªº¡C¦ýKenneth Waltzµ¥¾ÇªÌ´N«ÅºÙ¡A³o®M²z½×¯à¹w´ú°ê®a¶¡ªºÅv¤Oª§¹Ü¡A¯à¹w´ú¾Ôª§¡A¬G¦¹¬O¡u¦³¥Îªº¡v¡B¡u¹ê¥Îªº¡v¡C

¬Û¹ï©óexplanatory theory¡A¦³¤@ºØ¥scritical theory¡Ccritical theory±q¤@¶}©l´N±Ä¨ú§å§PºA«×¡A¥h§å§P²{¦³ªºsocial arrangement¡C¦P®É¡Acritical theory¥ç»{¬°explanatory theory©T¤Æ¤F²{¦sªºªÀ·|¤£¤½¥¿²{¶H¡C

¥t¤@Ãþ²z½×¥s³W½d©Ê²z½×(normative theory)¡C±´°Q¡uÀ³µM¡v(ought)ªº°ÝÃD¡C³W½d©Ê²z½×¦³¨äÀuÂI¡A¤]¦³¯ÊÂI¡C¯ÊÂI¬O¥uÅU¡uÀ³¸Ó¦p¦¹¡v¡A±`¸¨±o¤£¤Á¹ê»Ú¡C¦ý¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¤S¥¿¦]¬°¥¦»P²{ª¬¦³®t¶Z¡A©Ò¥H¤~¯à°÷´£¥X§ó¦h¤£¦Pªº¦æ¨Æ©M«ä¦Ò¤è¦V¥H¨Ñ¿ï¾Ü¡C

¤S¦³¤@ºØ²z½×¥sconstitutive theory¡Cconstitutive theory³Ì±`°Ýªº°ÝÃD¬O¡A³o¼ËªF¦è¬O«ç¼Ë¡uconstitute¡v¥X¨Óªº¡H

¨Ò¦p¹ï©óstate(°ê®a)³oºØsocial object¡Aconstitutive theory·|°Ý¡A°ê®a¬O¤°»ò(what)¡H°ê®a¬O¦p¦ó(how)³Qconstituted¡H°ê®a¦bªÀ·|¤¤¦³¤°»ò¥\¯à(function)¡H

ÁÙ¦³¤@ºØ¡A¬O±q¡ulens¡v¥Xµo¡A¬ÝªÀ·|¤W¦U­Ó¦æ¬°ªÌ(actor)¬O«ç¼Ë¬Ý¨Æ±¡ªº¡C³o¬£ÁÙ¨S¦³¤@®M§¹¾ã²z½×¡A¬Æ¦Ü³s¦WºÙ³£¨S¦³¡C¤£¹L¡A¥¦¦h¤Ö©Mcritical theory¦³Ãö³s¡C











~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

You may not be interested in the dialectic, but the dialectic is interested in you.

~~~~~~Leon Trotsky


You may not be interested in troubles, but troubles are interested in you.

~~~~~~SOCOM
SOCOM Posted - 11/13/2009 : 20:29:27

²Ä¥|¦¸¤jÅG½×(Fourth Debate)¶}©l©ó¤K¤Q¦~¥N¤¤´Á¡A²{¦bÁÙ¨Sµ²§ô¡C¦b®É¶¡¤W©MijÃD¤W¡A©M¦h¤Ö²Ä¤T¦¸¤jÅG½×¦³ÂI­«Å|¡C¦Ü¤Ö¬°¤°»ò·|¶}©l¡A®Ñ¤W¨SÁ¿¡A§Ú¤]¤£ª¾¹D¡K¡K

¥Ñ©ó§Ú¶V¨Ó¶VÃi¡A¥[¤W«Ü¦hÆ[©À³£¦³¦b¤W¤å»¡©ú¹L¡A©Ò¥H¥H¤UªF¦è§Ú´N·Ó¥´­^¤åºâ¤F¡K¡K

²Ä¥|¦¸¤jÅG½×¡A³ò¶¥H¤UijÃD¡G

Explaining and understanding

Positivism and postpositivism

Rationalism and reflectivism


Explaining and understandingªº¤À³¥¨Ó¦ÛMax WeberªºErklaren©MVerstehen¡A¥Î­^¤å¨Ó¸ÑÄÀ´N¬Oscientific approach»Pinterpretive or hermeneutic(¸ÑÄÀ¾Ç) approach¡C

Explanatory theorist¥H¬ì¾Ç¤èªk¨Ó¬ã¨s¡A¸Õ¹Ï§ä¥X¦PÃþ¨Æ¥ó©Î²{¶Hªº¡u¦@¦P°_¦]¡v(general cause)¡C

¸àÄÀ©Ê¬ã¨s¡A´NµÛ­«¤HÃþ¦æ¬°­I«áªºbeliefs¡Bideas¡Bmeanings¡Breasons³oÃþªF¦è¡C

´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A«eªÌµÛ­«¦³§Î¥i¨£ªºªF¦è¡A«áªÌµÛ­«ªºªF¦è´N²´·ú¬Ý¤£¨ì¤âºN¤£¨ì¡C


Positivism(¹êÃÒ¥D¸q)ªº¤º®e¤j­P´N¦p¤W¤å¡C­nª`·Nªº¬O¹êÃÒ¤èªkÁöµM·½¦Û¸gÅç¥D¸q(empiricism)¡A¦ý¸gÅç¥D¸qªº©w¸q»·¸û¹êÃÒ¥D¸q¼e¼s¡C

¸gÅç¥D¸q»{¬°¡A¯u¥¿(genuine)ªºª¾ÃÑ(knowledge)¡A¬Oªx«ü©Ò¦³¡A¯à¥H¤HÃþª¾Ä±(human senses)ÅéÅç(experience)±o¨ìªº¨Æ¹ê(fact)¡C(...genuine knowledge we can have of the world is based on those facts that can be experienced by the human senses. ½Ðª`·Nexperience³o­Ó¦r)

¦^¨ì­ì¥ý°ÝÃD¡CPositivist»{¬°¡A­n¥H¬ì¾Ç¤èªk¬ã¨s¡A¥²¶·­q¥ß¤@®Mµ{§Ç¡A¥ÎÅé¨t¤ÆªºÆ[¹î(systemic observation)¨Ó¨D¥X¨Æ¹êªº°_¦]¡C

²Ä¤G¡A³z¹L¤£Â_ªºÆ[¹î¡B·j¶°¸ê®Æ¡B°O¿ý¡A²{¶Hªºpattern·|ºCºC¯B²{¡C¤H­Ì¥i¥Ñ¦¹«Ø¥ß¡uªk«h¡v(law)¡C

²Ä¤T¡A¹êÃÒ¥D¸q¤£½ÍµLªkÆ[¹îªºªF¦è¡C

Postpositivism¤è­±¡A¬ÛÃö½×ªÌ¤£¦ý§_©w¹êÃÒ¥D¸q¡A¬Æ¦Ü³s¸àÄÀ©Ê¬ã¨s³£§_©w¡C¥L­Ì¹Á¸Õ¥H¥t¤@ºØ·s¤èªk¥h«Øºc¤@ªù¬ì¾Ç¡C«Ü¦hfeminist¡Bpostmodernist¡Bpoststructuralist³£¦b°µ³o¶µ¤u§@¡C¥L­Ì»{¦Pmeanings¡Bbeliefs¡Blanguage¬O­«­nªº¬ã¨s¹ï¶H¡A¦ý´N¤£¥H¹êÃÒ¥D¸q©Î¸àÄÀ©Ê¤èªk¥h¬ã¨s¡C

¨ì©³¬O¤°»ò¡H®Ñ¤W¨SÁ¿¡A§Ú¤]¤£ª¾¹D¡A¦ý¬Ý°_¨Ó¬OÁÙ¦bµo®i¤¤ªº·s¿³¾Ç°Ý¡C


Rationalism´N·½©ó¡u²z©Ê¿ï¾Ü²z½×¡v(rational choice theory)¡A³oºØÆ[ÂI©Mpositivism¤Îexplantory theories¦h¤Ö¦³ÂI¬ÛÃö¡CRationalism°²©w¤H¬O²z©Êªº¡A·|§@¥X²z©Ê¿ï¾Ü¡A¬G¦¹¤HÃþªº¦æ¬°¬O¥i¥H¹w®Æ(predict)ªº¡C

¦ý¥¦¤£¹³positivism¤@¼Ë¡A¥Hªø®É¶¡Æ[¹î¤@¤j°ï¹ê¨Ò¨Ó§@§@¥X¦¹¤@¥D±i¡A¦Ó¬O¤@¶}©l´N°µ¥X³o­Ó°²©w(assumption)¡C

Reflectivism«h¬O¤@­Ó²ÎºÙ¡A¥]¬Acritical theory¡Bconstructivism¡Bpoststructuralism¡Bfeminismµ¥²z½×¡C¤@¤j°ï²z½×¡A§Ú¨SŪ¹L¦h¤Ö¡CÁ`¤§¡A³o°ï¬O¥Î¨Ó¦^À³rationalismªº·s¿³²z½×¡C









~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

You may not be interested in the dialectic, but the dialectic is interested in you.

~~~~~~Leon Trotsky


You may not be interested in troubles, but troubles are interested in you.

~~~~~~SOCOM
SOCOM Posted - 11/13/2009 : 18:09:35

¦b²Ä¤G¦¸¤jÅG½×¤¤¡A¤H­Ì¹ï¤èªk½×ªº°ÝÃD¡A¦³¤F¤@©wªº¦@ÃÑ¡A¨Ã¤j¶q±Ä¥Î¤F¦æ¬°¾Ç¬£ªº¤èªk¡C

¥@¬É¦U¦aªº¾ÇªÌ¡A¨Ï¥ÎµÛ¬Û¦P©Îªñ¦üªº¤èªk¡A¥hÆ[¹î©M¬ã¨s¥@¬É§Î¶Õ¡CµM¦Ó¡A«o±o¨ì«D±`¤£¦Pªºµ²½×¡A¤Î´£¥X®t²§¬Æ¤jªº¬Fµ¦¥D±i¡C­±¹ï³oºØ©Ç²§ªº²{¶H¡A¤H­Ì¥Î¡u¤£¯à¤ñ¸û©Ê¡v(incommensurable)¨Ó§Î®e¡C

©ó¬O¦b¤C¤Q¦Ü¤K¤Q¦~¥N¡A¤Sµo¥Í²Ä¤T¦¸¤jÅG½×(Third Debate)¡A©Î¡u½d¦¡¶¡ªºÅG½×¡v(interparadigm debate)¡C

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µ²½×¦³¤G¡G¤@¡A¤H­Ì¼sªx±Ä¥Î¹êÃÒ¤èªk¡F¤G¡A¤T®M½d¦¡¡A­n«H­þ¤@®M¡A§A¦Û¤v¬ÝµÛ¿ì¡C




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¬Û¤ñ¤§¤U¡Arealism³Qµû¬°¥uÃöª`­x¨Æ¦w¥þ¡Amarxism¥uÃöª`¸gÀÙ­é«dªº°ÝÃD¡C¬°¦¹¡A«á­±¨â¬£¤]¶}©l¬ã¨s°_¤£¦Pªº·sijÃD¡A¨Ã¹Á¸Õ¥H¨ä­ì¦³ªº¬FªvÆ[ÂI¸ÑÄÀ¡C¤£¹L¡A³o¤w¸g¬O¤E¤Q¦~¥Nªº¨Æ¤F¡C








~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

You may not be interested in the dialectic, but the dialectic is interested in you.

~~~~~~Leon Trotsky


You may not be interested in troubles, but troubles are interested in you.

~~~~~~SOCOM
SOCOM Posted - 11/13/2009 : 17:32:05


¤W¤å´£¨ìªº²Ä¤@¦¸¤jÅG½×¡A¬OÃö©ó¤H©Êµ½»P´cªºª§½×¡Cª½¨ì²{¦b¡A°êÃö¬É¦@µo¥Í¹L¥|¦¸¤jÅG½×¡A²o¯A¨ì¡u¥»Åé½×¡v(Ontolgy)¡B¡u»{Ãѽסv(epistemology)¤Î¡u¤èªk½×¡v(methodology)¡C³oÃþÅG½×¡A²ÎºÙ¬°Meta-theoretical Debate¡C

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¡u²Ä¤G¦¸¤jÅG½×¡v(Second Debate)¡A¬ùµo¥Í©ó¤»¤Q¦Ü¤C¤Q¦~¥N¡C

¦b¾Ç¬É¤¤¡A¦³¤@§å¬ã¨s¡u¦æ¬°¬ì¾Ç¡v(Behavioural sciences)¥X¨­ªº¾ÇªÌ¡A·P¨ìrealism«ä·Q¦³µÛ¤£¬ì¾Çªº¦a¤è¡A©ó¬O´£¥X§åµû¡C³o¨Ç¾ÇªÌ¥]¬ADavid Singer¡BMorton Kaplanµ¥¤H¡C³o¸s¤H´NºÙ¬°¡u¦æ¬°¾Ç¬£¡v¡B¡u¦æ¬°¥D¸qªÌ¡v(behaviorist)¡C

¦æ¬°¾Ç¬£´£­Ò¥H¡u¹êÃÒ¥D¸q¡v(positivism)ªº¤è¦¡¡A¨Ó­«·s¬ã¨s°ê»ÚÃö«Y¡C¹êÃÒ¥D¸qªº·N«ä¬O¡A¥u¬ã¨s¦³§Î¥i¨£(observable)ªºªF¦è¡B¥u¥H¥¦­Ì¬°¬ã¨s¹ï¶H¡C¥Î¦b°ê»ÚÃö«Y¤¤¡A§Y¬°¦³§Î¥i¨£ªº¦æ¬°(behavior)¡C

¦æ¬°¥i¥H¬Ý±o¨£¡CÁ`²Î¤U©R¥O¡B­x¤H¶}ºj¡B¿ï¥Á§ë²¼¡B¬F«È»¡¤°»ò¸Ü¡B¸gÀټƾڦp¦ó¡K¡K¦³©Î¨S¦³¡A³£¬Ý±o¨ì¡A¤]¯à§â¼Æ¶qºâ¥X¨Ó¡A¦C¦b²Î­pªí¤W¡C

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¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¤S¦³¤@§å¤H¡A¤£ºÞ­ì¥ý¬O¤£¬Orealist¡AÁ`¤§¬O¨ü¦æ¬°¾Ç¬£§åµûªº¤H¡A³£¥X¨Ó¬°Â¦³ªº¬ã¨s¤èªkÅGÅ@¡C³o¨Ç¤HºÙ¬°¡u¶Ç²Î¥D¸qªÌ¡v(traditionalist)¡A¥]¬AHedley Bull©MHans Morgenthauµ¥¤H¡C

¥L­Ì¤£¤Ï¹ï¦æ¬°¥D¸qªÌ©Ò´£­Òªº¬ã¨s¿ìªk¡A¦ý»{¬°¥ú³o¼Ë°µ¬O«D±`¤£¨¬ªº¡C°ê»ÚÃö«Y¤W¡AÁÙ¦³«Ü¦hªºÄ³ÃD¡A¬O»Ý­n¥H¡u·§©À©Ê¡v(conceptual)©M¡u¸àÄÀ©Ê¡v(interpretative)ªº§PÂ_¤O(judgement)¨Ó¬ã¨sªº¡C

µ²ªG¡A¶Ç²Î¥D¸qªÌªº·Qªk¨Ã¨S¦³³Q§_©w¡C¤H­Ì»{¬°¡A³z¹L¸àÄÀ¡B±À²z(reasoning)µ¥¶Ç²Î¤èªk¡A¯à°÷§ä¥X®É§½ªº°ÝÃD©Ò¦b¡B§ä¥X­È±o¬ã¨sªº°ÝÃD¡C¦Ü©ó¦æ¬°¾Ç¬£©Ò´£­Òªº¤èªk¡A¥]¬A²Î­p¡B·j¶°¸ê®Æ¡B¡u°²³]´ú¸Õ¡v(hypothesis testing)µ¥¡A«h¬O«D±`¦³¥ÎªºÅçÃÒ¤u¨ã¡C¬G¦¹¡A«áªÌ¤w¸g¦¨¬°¤j¾Ç¬Fªv¨t½Òµ{ªº¥²­×½Ò¡C







~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

You may not be interested in the dialectic, but the dialectic is interested in you.

~~~~~~Leon Trotsky


You may not be interested in troubles, but troubles are interested in you.

~~~~~~SOCOM
SOCOM Posted - 11/13/2009 : 14:49:08
quote:
Originally posted by blackknight

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¦Ó«á¨Ó¥ÑWaltz´£¥Xªº·s²{¹ê¥D¸q´N§¹¥þ§_©w¤F¤HÃþ¦Û¨­¦æ°Ê¯à­«·s«Øºc°ê»ÚÅé¨tªº¥i¯à©Ê¡A¦]¬°Waltz¬O¸gÀپǪ̥X¨­¡A¥L´£¥Xªº²z½×¤¤¦U°ê¦æ¬°ªÌ³£¨ü¨î©óÅé¨t
­n±´°Q²{¹ê¥D¸q¥²¶·¥ý°Ï¤À¥j¨å©M²{¹ê¥D¸q³o¨â¤j¬y¬£
¨ä¹ê°ê»ÚÃö«Y¾Ç¬£¤w¸g¾ú¸g¤F¤T¦¸¤jÅG½×¡A¤£¹L«á¨â³õ¬OÔ£¤p§ÌÁÙµ¹±Ð±Â¤F XD




EH Carrªº§Ú¬O¨S¹L¬Ý , ¥u¬Ý¹L¤@ÂIÂI morgenthau .

§Úªº¦L¶H¸ò§A¤@¼Ë , classical realist ¤£§_»{«Ø¥ß°ê»Ú¯´§Çªº¥i¯à©Ê .......







~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

You may not be interested in the dialectic, but the dialectic is interested in you.

~~~~~~Leon Trotsky


You may not be interested in troubles, but troubles are interested in you.

~~~~~~SOCOM
renchen2 Posted - 11/13/2009 : 04:25:46
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blackknight Posted - 11/13/2009 : 01:55:14
¨Ì¤p§Ì©Ò¾Çªº°O¾Ð¡ACarrµ¥¤HÁö¬O²{¹ê¥D¸qªÌ¡A¦ý¥L­Ì¨S¦³§¹¥þ§_»{¦b¦X¥G²³¤H§Q¯q¤U«Øºc¬YºØ°ê»Ú¯´§Çªº¥i¯à©Ê¡A³oºØ³QºÙ¬°¥j¨å²{¹ê¥D¸q
¦Ó«á¨Ó¥ÑWaltz´£¥Xªº·s²{¹ê¥D¸q´N§¹¥þ§_©w¤F¤HÃþ¦Û¨­¦æ°Ê¯à­«·s«Øºc°ê»ÚÅé¨tªº¥i¯à©Ê¡A¦]¬°Waltz¬O¸gÀپǪ̥X¨­¡A¥L´£¥Xªº²z½×¤¤¦U°ê¦æ¬°ªÌ³£¨ü¨î©óÅé¨t
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